Research Intelligence Center

Human evidence quality

The rest of the Research Intelligence Center measures how much research exists. This section asks a different question: what do the human studies actually show for a specific claim, and how reliable is that? Each claim is judged on its own, risk of bias is assessed per study result, and certainty is rated per outcome with GRADE. Most assessments are automated: produced by AI under these rules and labelled as such, not reviewed by a person.
Methodology ev-1 · research snapshot 2026.1.1 (data through September 30, 2026) · How assessments are made

Coverage

Every figure on this page describes the assessed subset only, never the whole peptide literature. Denominators are shown with each number.

Peptides with published assessments

6

of 6 with human studies identified

Claims evaluated

16

of 16 identified for evaluation

Distinct human studies reviewed

93

of 230 identified, 230 screened

Outcomes with a certainty assessment

16

GRADE, one outcome of one question at a time

Study results with serious risk of bias

42

of 163 assessed

Assessments needing an update

0

New research, results or retractions since publication

Linked registrations without results

29

A registration is not evidence of benefit

Published records: automated / human-reviewed

425 / 0

Automated records are AI-produced and labelled

Certainty of evidence by outcome

How confident the evidence lets anyone be, per assessed outcome.

What is GRADE?GRADE rates a body of evidence for one outcome as high, moderate, low or very low certainty, starting from the study designs and rating down for risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision and publication bias.

16 assessed outcomes. Categories, not a scale: they are counted, never averaged.
  • High certainty0 / 16
  • Moderate certainty0 / 16
  • Low certainty1 / 16
  • Very low certainty4 / 16
  • Insufficient information to assess11 / 16

Research volume versus certainty

Publication counts come from the research snapshot; certainty from published assessments. A large literature can still give low certainty for a given claim.

Research volume and assessed outcomes per peptide
PeptideHuman studies (reviewed / identified)Assessed outcomes
BPC-1578 / 8
  • Insufficient information to assess Clinical response or remission
  • Insufficient information to assess Time to return to activity
  • Insufficient information to assess Function and return to activity
  • Insufficient information to assess Adverse events, serious adverse events and discontinuations
  • Very low certainty Knee pain intensity
Elamipretide (SS-31)51 / 54
  • Insufficient information to assess Muscle strength, exercise capacity and fatigue
  • Low certainty Six-minute walk distance and fatigue
  • Insufficient information to assess Adverse events, including injection-site reactions, and discontinuations
GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide)9 / 9
  • Very low certainty Wrinkles and skin quality, measured or rated
  • Very low certainty Adverse events, including skin reactions
MOTS-C1 / 62
  • Insufficient information to assess Adverse events, serious adverse events and discontinuations
  • Insufficient information to assess Insulin sensitivity, glucose control or body weight
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4 fragment)1 / 1
  • Insufficient information to assess Adverse events, serious adverse events and discontinuations
  • Insufficient information to assess Function and return to activity
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)23 / 96
  • Very low certainty Ocular discomfort and corneal staining
  • Insufficient information to assess Adverse events, serious adverse events and discontinuations

Human study characteristics

Designs, sizes and outcome types of the reviewed human studies.

Study designs (93 reviewed studies)
  • Randomized controlled trial27 / 93
  • Other design43 / 93
  • Case report7 / 93
  • Case series3 / 93
  • Single-arm trial7 / 93
  • Uncontrolled pilot study4 / 93
  • Retrospective cohort1 / 93
  • Nonrandomized controlled study1 / 93
Participants enrolled (66 studies reporting it)
  • Under 2024 / 66
  • 20–4922 / 66
  • 50–19911 / 66
  • 200 or more9 / 66
Outcomes measured (246)
  • Patient-important104 / 246
  • Surrogate96 / 246
  • Safety46 / 246

Evidence gaps

Five kinds of gap, which can overlap. A gap says what research is missing, never that a compound doesn’t work.

Evidence gaps per peptide
PeptideResearch activity gapHuman research gapEvidence quality gapClinical relevance gapSafety evidence gap
BPC-157No gapNo gapGapGapGap
Elamipretide (SS-31)No gapNo gapGapNo gapGap
GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide)No gapNo gapGapNo gapGap
MOTS-CNo gapNo gapGapGapGap
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4 fragment)No gapGapGapGapGap
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)No gapNo gapGapNo gapGap

Explore the assessments

Every published record, filterable and downloadable. Superseded and withdrawn versions stay available for the record.

Published evidence assessments, 425 of 425
Improves function in Barth syndromeelamipretideClaim assessment——2026-11-08
Improves dry eye signs and symptomsthymosin-beta-4Claim assessment——2026-11-08
Is safe for human administrationbpc-157Claim assessment——2026-11-08
Is safe for human administrationthymosin-beta-4Claim assessment——2026-11-08
Is safe for human administrationelamipretideClaim assessment——2026-11-08
Is safe for human useghk-cuClaim assessment——2026-11-08
Reduces knee painbpc-157Claim assessment——2026-11-08
Improves metabolic healthmots-cClaim assessment——2026-11-08
Improves exercise capacity in primary mitochondrial myopathyelamipretideClaim assessment——2026-11-08
Improves signs of skin agingghk-cuClaim assessment——2026-11-08
Insulin sensitivity, glucose control or body weightmots-cCertainty (GRADE)Insufficient information to assess02026-11-08
Muscle strength, exercise capacity and fatigueelamipretideCertainty (GRADE)Insufficient information to assess312026-11-08
Six-minute walk distance and fatigueelamipretideCertainty (GRADE)Low certainty2842026-11-08
Adverse events, including injection-site reactions, and discontinuationselamipretideCertainty (GRADE)Insufficient information to assess6552026-11-08
Adverse events, serious adverse events and discontinuationsbpc-157Certainty (GRADE)Insufficient information to assess142026-11-08
Ocular discomfort and corneal stainingthymosin-beta-4Certainty (GRADE)Very low certainty812026-11-08
Adverse events, serious adverse events and discontinuationsthymosin-beta-4Certainty (GRADE)Insufficient information to assess3182026-11-08
Knee pain intensitybpc-157Certainty (GRADE)Very low certainty172026-11-08
Wrinkles and skin quality, measured or ratedghk-cuCertainty (GRADE)Very low certainty142026-11-08
Adverse events, including skin reactionsghk-cuCertainty (GRADE)Very low certainty10012026-11-08
Improves gastrointestinal conditionsbpc-157Claim assessment——2026-11-08
Is safe for human administrationmots-cClaim assessment——2026-11-08
Is safe for human administrationtb-500Claim assessment——2026-11-08
Supports soft-tissue injury recoverytb-500Claim assessment——2026-11-08
Improves muscle injury recoverybpc-157Claim assessment——2026-11-08
Supports tendon injury recoverybpc-157Claim assessment——2026-11-08
Adverse events, serious adverse events and discontinuationstb-500Certainty (GRADE)Insufficient information to assess—2026-11-08
Function and return to activitytb-500Certainty (GRADE)Insufficient information to assess—2026-11-08
Clinical response or remissionbpc-157Certainty (GRADE)Insufficient information to assess—2026-11-08
Time to return to activitybpc-157Certainty (GRADE)Insufficient information to assess—2026-11-08
Function and return to activitybpc-157Certainty (GRADE)Insufficient information to assess—2026-11-08
Adverse events, serious adverse events and discontinuationsmots-cCertainty (GRADE)Insufficient information to assess—2026-11-08
An Intermediate Size Expanded Access Protocol of ElamipretideelamipretideStudy recordOther design——2026-11-08
Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Subjects With Primary Mitochondrial Disease From Nuclear DNA Mutations (nPMD)elamipretideStudy recordOther design—1022026-11-08
FRDA Investigator Initiated Study (IIS) With ElamipretideelamipretideStudy recordOther design—202026-11-08
Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of 0.1% RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of NK: SEER-2thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—702026-11-08
ReNEW:Phase 3 Study of Efficacy, Safety & Pharmacokinetics of Subcutaneous Injections of Elamipretide in Subjects With Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration (Dry AMD)elamipretideStudy recordOther design—3132026-11-08
Study of Healthy Aging and Physical Function With ElamipretideelamipretideStudy recordOther design——2026-11-08
BPC 157 for Acute Hamstring Muscle Strain Repairbpc-157Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
Topical GHK-Cu Gel for Acute Skin Wound Healingghk-cuStudy recordOther design——2026-11-08
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta 4 17-23 Fragment) for Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Stable ASCVDtb-500Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
MOTS-c for Improving Insulin Sensitivity in Adults With Prediabetes and Overweight/Obesitymots-cStudy recordOther design——2026-11-08
Clinical Trial in Patients With Barth Syndrome- 4TAZPowerelamipretideStudy recordOther design——2026-11-08
Recombinant Human Thymosin Beta 4 for Injection(NL005) for Acute Myocardial Infarctionthymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
Impact of BPC-157 on Recovery Following Rotator Cuff Repair Surgerybpc-157Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
A Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Impact of MTP-131 (Bendavia™) on Skeletal Muscle Function in ElderlyelamipretideStudy recordOther design—412026-11-08
A Study of MTP-131 Topical Ophthalmic Solution in Subjects With Diabetic Macular Edema and Non-Exudative Intermediate Age-related Macular DegenerationelamipretideStudy recordOther design—202026-11-08
Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of MTP-131 for the Treatment of Mitochondrial MyopathyelamipretideStudy recordOther design—362026-11-08
A Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of Bendavia™ (MTP-131) in Patients With Heart FailureelamipretideStudy recordOther design—02026-11-08
A Phase 1 Study Investigating the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Repeat-dose Intravenous Infusion of MTP-131 in Subjects With Impaired Renal FunctionelamipretideStudy recordOther design—232026-11-08
Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-1thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—3172026-11-08
Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy Study of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Neurotrophic Keratopathy : SEER-1thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—182026-11-08
PCO-02 - Safety and Pharmacokinetics Trialbpc-157Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
A Study Investigating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Elamipretide Topical Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of Fuchs' Corneal Endothelial Dystrophy (FCED)elamipretideStudy recordOther design—222026-11-08
A Study Investigating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Elamipretide Topical Ophthalmic Solution for Treatment of Leber's Hereditary Optic NeuropathyelamipretideStudy recordOther design—122026-11-08
Effect of Elamipretide on Left Ventricular Function in Subjects With Stable Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection FractionelamipretideStudy recordOther design—712026-11-08
Safety, Tolerability, Efficacy of MTP-131 for Treatment of Mitochondrial Disease in Subjects From the MMPOWER StudyelamipretideStudy recordOther design—302026-11-08
A Study to Evaluate the Effects of 4 Weeks Treatment With Subcutaneous Elamipretide on Left Ventricular Function in Subjects With Stable Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection FractionelamipretideStudy recordOther design—462026-11-08
An Open-Label, Phase 1 Clinical Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Subcutaneous Elamipretide in Subjects With Intermediate Age-Related Macular DegenerationelamipretideStudy recordSingle-arm trial—402026-11-08
A Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Cardiac and Renal Effects of Short Term Treatment With Elamipretide in Patients Hospitalized With Congestion Due to Heart FailureelamipretideStudy recordOther design—3082026-11-08
Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome : ARISE-2thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—6012026-11-08
Open-Label Extension Trial to Characterize the Long-term Safety and Tolerability of Elamipretide in Subjects With Genetically Confirmed Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy (PMM)elamipretideStudy recordSingle-arm trial—282026-11-08
Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-3thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—7002026-11-08
A Phase 1a Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy Volunteersthymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—542026-11-08
A Phase 1b Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy Volunteersthymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—302026-11-08
Ocular discomfort (OSDI questionnaire)thymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty92026-11-08
Total corneal fluorescein stainingthymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty92026-11-08
Tear film breakup timethymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty92026-11-08
Tear volume productionthymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty92026-11-08
Safety and tolerabilitythymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty92026-11-08
From proteomic multimarker profiling to interesting proteins: thymosin-β(4) and kininogen-1 as new potential biomarkers for inflammatory hepatic lesions.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase-control study——2026-11-08
Thymosin β4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial.thymosin-beta-4Study recordRandomized controlled trial—92026-11-08
[The clinical significance of thymosin β4 expression in human non-small cell lung cancer].thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
Biochemical characterization of thymic hormones in thymoma tissues.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—32026-11-08
Multiplexed molecular descriptors of pressure ulcers defined by imaging mass spectrometry.thymosin-beta-4Study recordUncontrolled pilot study——2026-11-08
Intraocular expression of thymosin β4 in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Elevated expression of thymosin β4, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α in early-stage cervical cancers.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Associations of Serum MOTS-c with Exercise Capacity and Antioxidant Markers in Young Males: A Cross-Sectional Study.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—302026-11-08
A Phase 2 Study on Effect of Thymosin Beta 4 on Wound Healing in Patients With Epidermolysis Bullosathymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—302026-11-08
Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Pressure Ulcersthymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—722026-11-08
A Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Corneal Woundsthymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—122026-11-08
A Phase 1 Safety Study of the Intravenous Administration of Thymosin Beta in Healthy Volunteersthymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—02026-11-08
Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Venous Stasis Ulcersthymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—722026-11-08
Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Intravenous (IV) Infusion of MTP-131 (Bendavia™) in Healthy AdultselamipretideStudy recordOther design—402026-11-08
A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Injectable Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Acute Myocardial Infarctionthymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—02026-11-08
Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Beta 4 Ophthalmic Solution in Patients With Dry Eyethymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—722026-11-08
Study to Assess the Pharmacodynamic Effects of Unfractionated Heparin (UFH) in Healthy Volunteers With and Without BendaviaelamipretideStudy recordOther design—122026-11-08
The Impact of Intravenous Bendavia™ on Endothelial Reactivity Dysfunction in Cigarette SmokingelamipretideStudy recordOther design—62026-11-08
A Phase 1 Study Examining the Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of a Single Oral Dose of Bendavia (MTP-131)elamipretideStudy recordOther design—302026-11-08
Safety and Pharmacokinetic (PK) Study of Oral Bendavia Administered for 7 DayselamipretideStudy recordOther design—302026-11-08
Increased levels of thymosin β4 in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: association of thymosin β4 with other factors that are involved in inflammation and bone erosion in joints.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Association between serum thymosin β4 levels of rheumatoid arthritis patients and disease activity and response to therapy.thymosin-beta-4Study recordProspective cohort—402026-11-08
Identification of tubulin beta chain, thymosin beta-4-like protein 3, and cytochrome b-c₁ complex subunit 1 as serological diagnostic biomarkers of gastric cancer.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase-control study——2026-11-08
Quantification of thymosin beta(4) in human cerebrospinal fluid using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
Expression patterns of Thymosin β4 and cancer stem cell marker CD133 in ovarian cancers.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
Thymosin beta(4) and beta(10) levels in pre-term newborn oral cavity and foetal salivary glands evidence a switch of secretion during foetal development.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Evaluation of thymosin β4 in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation in urothelial carcinoma.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
MALAT-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—702026-11-08
Effect of vitamin A deficiency on thymosin-β4 and CD4 concentrations.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Serum Thymosin β4 Concentrations in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Patients.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Thymosin β4 is a novel potential prognostic marker in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study—602026-11-08
Thymosin β4 and β10 in Sjögren's syndrome: saliva proteomics and minor salivary glands expression.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Peptidomic Identification of Serum Peptides Diagnosing Preeclampsia.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase-control study—622026-11-08
Contribution of cerebrospinal fluid thymosin β4 levels to the clinical differentiation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Increased thymosin β4 levels in the serum and SF of knee osteoarthritis patients correlate with disease severity.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Thymosin β 4 in colorectal cancer is localized predominantly at the invasion front in tumor cells undergoing epithelial mesenchymal transition.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase series——2026-11-08
Distribution of thymic hormones in thymic tumors and myasthenic thymus.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study—442026-11-08
β-Thymosins and interstitial lung disease: study of a scleroderma cohort with a one-year follow-up.thymosin-beta-4Study recordProspective cohort——2026-11-08
In situ proteomic analysis by MALDI imaging identifies ubiquitin and thymosin-β4 as markers of malignant intraductal pancreatic mucinous neoplasms.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Relationship between serum thymosin β4 levels and coronary collateral development.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study—1902026-11-08
6-minute walking distancethymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty102026-11-08
Left ventricular functionthymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty102026-11-08
Feasibility and safetythymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty102026-11-08
Adverse events / tolerabilitythymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns—2026-11-08
Pharmacokinetics (plasma concentration, Cmax, AUC, terminal clearance, accumulation)thymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns—2026-11-08
Ocular discomfort scorethymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns—2026-11-08
Inferior corneal stainingthymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns—2026-11-08
Ocular discomfort during CAE challengethymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty—2026-11-08
Central corneal stainingthymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty—2026-11-08
Superior corneal stainingthymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty—2026-11-08
Adverse eventsthymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns—2026-11-08
Thymosin beta 4 is associated with collateral development in coronary artery disease.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase-control study——2026-11-08
Global Proteomics-based Identification and Validation of Thymosin Beta-4 X-Linked as a Prognostic Marker for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
Thymosin Beta-4 Is Elevated in Women With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase-control study——2026-11-08
The expression of thymosin β4 in chronic hepatitis B combined nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Association of serum thymosin β4 with malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis syndrome in peritoneal dialysis patients: a cross-sectional study.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study—762026-11-08
Determination of thymosin beta4 and protein in human wound fluid after abdominal surgery.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
Serum thymosin beta4 levels in patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver failure.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Safety and efficacy of autologous thymosin β4 pre-treated endothelial progenitor cell transplantation in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: A pilot study.thymosin-beta-4Study recordRandomized controlled trial—102026-11-08
MALDI-imaging reveals thymosin beta-4 as an independent prognostic marker for colorectal cancer.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
MALDI imaging mass spectrometry analysis-A new approach for protein mapping in multiple sclerosis brain lesions.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—122026-11-08
Association of thymosin β4 expression with clinicopathological parameters and clinical outcomes of bladder cancer patients.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
Discovery of thymosin β4 as a human exerkine and growth factor.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
Thymosinβ4: a novel assessed biomarker of the prognosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure patient?thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers.thymosin-beta-4Study recordRandomized controlled trial——2026-11-08
Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial conducted using the controlled adverse environment (CAE™) model.thymosin-beta-4Study recordRandomized controlled trial——2026-11-08
Plasma levels of F-actin and F:G-actin ratio as potential new biomarkers in patients with septic shock.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Occurrence of thymosin beta4 in human breast cancer cells and in other cell types of the tumor microenvironment.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
Increases in plasma Tβ4 after intracardiac cell therapy in chronic ischemic heart failure is associated with symptomatic improvement.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
Treatment of chronic nonhealing neurotrophic corneal epithelial defects with thymosin beta 4.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase report——2026-11-08
Over-expression of thymosin β4 in granulomatous lung tissue with active pulmonary tuberculosis.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Adherent Scalp Flaking Scorethymosin-beta-4Risk of biasNonrandomized controlled studyNo information—2026-11-08
Maximum Erythema Areathymosin-beta-4Risk of biasNonrandomized controlled studyNo information—2026-11-08
Scalp physiological conditions (transepidermal water loss, hydration, sebum secretion)thymosin-beta-4Risk of biasNonrandomized controlled studyNo information—2026-11-08
Scalp microbiome composition and diversitythymosin-beta-4Risk of biasNonrandomized controlled studyNo information—2026-11-08
Treatment-emergent adverse eventsthymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns—2026-11-08
Dose-limiting toxicities and serious adverse eventsthymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns—2026-11-08
Pharmacokinetic parametersthymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns—2026-11-08
Safety and tolerabilitythymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty732026-11-08
Complete wound healingthymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty732026-11-08
Rate of wound healingthymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty732026-11-08
Thymosin β4, a potential marker of malignancy and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase-control study—5402026-11-08
Aberrant Expression of Thymosin Beta-4 Correlates With Advanced Disease and BRAF V600E Mutation in Thyroid Cancer.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Role of Thymosin Beta 4 in the diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and its relation to Metabolic Syndrome in Egyptian patients.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase-control study—802026-11-08
Recombinant human thymosin beta-4 (rhTβ4) improved scalp condition and microbiome homeostasis in seborrheic dermatitis.thymosin-beta-4Study recordNonrandomized controlled study——2026-11-08
Association between thymosin beta4 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase-control study——2026-11-08
Thymosin beta-4 overexpression correlates with high-risk groups in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A retrospective analysis by immunohistochemistry.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
Exploring the Relationship Between Thymosin β4 Protein and First Myocardial Infarction on the Basis of Proteomics.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase-control study——2026-11-08
Serum thymosin beta4 as a noninvasive biomarker in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Thymosin β4 and β10 are highly expressed at the deep infiltrative margins of colorectal cancer - A mass spectrometry analysis.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study—182026-11-08
A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers.thymosin-beta-4Study recordRandomized controlled trial——2026-11-08
Comparative proteomic analysis of plasma of children with congenital heart disease.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase-control study——2026-11-08
Identification and quantification of thymosin beta4 in human saliva and tears.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
F-Actin is associated with a worsening qSOFA score and intensive care unit admission in emergency department patients at risk for sepsis.thymosin-beta-4Study recordProspective cohort—2032026-11-08
Endogenous Thymosin β4 Expression in Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal Sinus Disease: A Retrospective, Immunohistochemical Analysis of Excisional Skin Biopsy Samples.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase series—312026-11-08
Conjunctival expression of thymosin-beta4 in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Thymosin beta-4 and venous ulcers: clinical remarks on a European prospective, randomized study on safety, tolerability, and enhancement on healing.thymosin-beta-4Study recordRandomized controlled trial—212026-11-08
The effect of thymosin treatment of venous ulcers.thymosin-beta-4Study recordRandomized controlled trial—732026-11-08
Thymosin beta 4 and thymosin beta 10 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase series—232026-11-08
Thymosin ß4 expression in colorectal polyps and adenomas.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Thymosin beta4 levels after successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase-control study—482026-11-08
6-minute walk test distanceelamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern—2026-11-08
BTHS-SA Total Fatigue scoreelamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern—2026-11-08
Safety and tolerabilityelamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern—2026-11-08
3D echocardiographic left ventricular volumeselamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern—2026-11-08
MLCL/CL ratioelamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern—2026-11-08
Mitochondrial energetic capacity (ATPmax) during exerciseelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns392026-11-08
Resting mitochondrial coupling (P/O, ATP supply per O2 uptake)elamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns392026-11-08
Volitional fatigue resistanceelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns392026-11-08
Stenotic kidney fractional hypoxiaelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty162026-11-08
Stenotic kidney renal blood flowelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty162026-11-08
Estimated glomerular filtration rateelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty162026-11-08
Systolic blood pressureelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty162026-11-08
Serum HtrA2 levelelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty352026-11-08
CK-MB area under the curve (biomarker infarct size)elamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty3002026-11-08
Troponin I area under the curve (biomarker infarct size)elamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty3002026-11-08
Myocardial salvage indexelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty3002026-11-08
Infarcted areathymosin-beta-4Risk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty962026-11-08
Long-term efficacy and safety of elamipretide in patients with Barth syndrome: 168-week open-label extension results of TAZPOWER.elamipretideStudy recordSingle-arm trial——2026-11-08
In vivo mitochondrial ATP production is improved in older adult skeletal muscle after a single dose of elamipretide in a randomized trial.elamipretideStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—392026-11-08
Phase 2a Clinical Trial of Mitochondrial Protection (Elamipretide) During Stent Revascularization in Patients With Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis.elamipretideStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—162026-11-08
The mitochondria-targeting peptide elamipretide diminishes circulating HtrA2 in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.elamipretideStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—352026-11-08
Urinary mitochondrial DNA copy number identifies renal mitochondrial injury in renovascular hypertensive patients undergoing renal revascularization: A Pilot Study.elamipretideStudy recordOther design—192026-11-08
Relation of Left Ventricular Mass and Infarct Size in Anterior Wall ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (from the EMBRACE STEMI Clinical Trial).elamipretideStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—3002026-11-08
Low periconceptional maternal serum thymosin alpha 1 levels are associated with blighted pregnancies.thymosin-beta-4Study recordProspective cohort—282026-11-08
Serum levels of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in large cohorts of healthy adults.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study—6812026-11-08
Thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in serum: comparison of normal, cord, homosexual and AIDS serum.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Modulation of thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 levels and peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets during experimental rhinovirus colds.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
Defective in vitro gamma interferon production and elevated serum immunoreactive thymosin beta 4 levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-08
Modulation of thymosin beta 4 by estrogen.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCross-sectional study—872026-11-08
Thymosins: structure, function and therapeutic applications.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
Malignant thymoma associated with T-cell lymphocytosis. A case report with immunophenotypic and gene rearrangement analysis.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase report—12026-11-08
Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion.thymosin-beta-4Study recordRandomized controlled trial—962026-11-08
Association between Thymosin beta-4, acute kidney injury, and mortality in patients with sepsis: An observational cohort study.thymosin-beta-4Study recordProspective cohort—1912026-11-08
Longitudinal Trends of Salivary Oxidized Thymosin β4 and β10 in Preterm Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design—182026-11-08
Hypomethylation of thymosin β4 promoter is associated with glucocorticoid therapy in patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B-induced liver failure.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase-control study——2026-11-08
Association Between Thymosin β4 and Coronary Arterial Lesions in Children with Kawasaki Disease.thymosin-beta-4Study recordCase-control study——2026-11-08
Hypermethylation of thymosin β4 predicts a poor prognosis for patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure.thymosin-beta-4Study recordOther design——2026-11-08
Geographic atrophy areaelamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern192026-11-07
Low-luminance questionnaire (LLQ) self-reported functionelamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern192026-11-07
Change in left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV)elamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns712026-11-07
Change in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)elamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns712026-11-07
Study drug-related adverse eventselamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns712026-11-07
6-minute walk test distanceelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns302026-11-07
PMMSA Total Fatigue scoreelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns302026-11-07
PMMSA Total Fatigue During Activities scoreelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns302026-11-07
Neuro-QoL Fatigue Short FormelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns302026-11-07
Patient Global AssessmentelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns302026-11-07
Physician Global AssessmentelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns302026-11-07
Triple Timed Up and Go testelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns302026-11-07
Wrist and hip accelerometryelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns302026-11-07
Adverse eventselamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns302026-11-07
Infarct size by CK-MB area under the curve over 72 helamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns—2026-11-07
Pre-specified MRI, angiographic and electrocardiographic outcomeselamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty—2026-11-07
Clinical outcomeselamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty—2026-11-07
Safety and tolerabilityelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty—2026-11-07
Left ventricular end-diastolic volumeelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty362026-11-07
Left ventricular end-systolic volumeelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty362026-11-07
Serious adverse eventselamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns362026-11-07
Tolerability of elamipretideelamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Cardiac transplantation and clinical courseelamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Explanted heart pathologyelamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Clinical heart failure status and heart transplant listing statuselamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Symptoms (dysarthria, dysphagia, gait)elamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
6-minute walk testelamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
5 times sit-to-stand testelamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Mean change from baseline in low-luminance best-corrected visual acuity (LL BCVA)elamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns1762026-11-07
Change from baseline in square-root converted geographic atrophy areaelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns1762026-11-07
Progression of macular percentage of total ellipsoid zone attenuation/losselamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns1762026-11-07
Progression of macular percentage of partial ellipsoid zone attenuation/degradationelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns1762026-11-07
Proportion of patients with a gain of 10 or more letters in LL BCVAelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns1762026-11-07
Incidence and severity of adverse eventselamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns1762026-11-07
Adverse eventselamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns122026-11-07
Change from baseline in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA)elamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns122026-11-07
Central visual field mean deviation (Humphrey automated visual field central region)elamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty122026-11-07
6-minute walk test distanceelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns2182026-11-07
PMMSA total fatigue scoreelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns2182026-11-07
Adverse eventselamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty2182026-11-07
Accuracy of clustering patients by functional status from wearable physiological dataelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty122026-11-07
Accuracy of clustering responders vs non-responders to elamipretideelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty122026-11-07
6-minute walk test distanceelamipretideRisk of biasRetrospective cohortNo information—2026-11-07
Muscle strength by handheld dynamometryelamipretideRisk of biasRetrospective cohortNo information—2026-11-07
5 times sit-to-standelamipretideRisk of biasRetrospective cohortNo information—2026-11-07
Multi-domain responder indexelamipretideRisk of biasRetrospective cohortNo information—2026-11-07
Left ventricular stroke volumeelamipretideRisk of biasRetrospective cohortNo information—2026-11-07
Change in 6-minute walk test distanceelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty362026-11-07
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameterselamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns362026-11-07
Participant-reported symptomselamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns362026-11-07
Serum and urinary biomarkerselamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns362026-11-07
Safety and tolerabilityelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns362026-11-07
Adverse events and tolerabilityelamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern212026-11-07
Normal-luminance best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA)elamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern212026-11-07
Low-luminance best-corrected visual acuity (LLVA)elamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern212026-11-07
Normal-luminance binocular reading acuity (NLRA)elamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern212026-11-07
Low-luminance binocular reading acuity (LLRA)elamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern212026-11-07
RPE-drusen complex volume by OCTelamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern212026-11-07
Fundus autofluorescenceelamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern212026-11-07
Mesopic microperimetryelamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern212026-11-07
Dark adaptationelamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern212026-11-07
Safety and tolerability (adverse events)elamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern192026-11-07
Normal-luminance best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA)elamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern192026-11-07
Low-luminance best-corrected visual acuity (LLBCVA)elamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern192026-11-07
Low-luminance binocular reading acuity (LLBRA)elamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern192026-11-07
Normal-luminance binocular reading acuity (NLBRA)elamipretideRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern192026-11-07
Cardiac pathology in a patient with a novel pathogenic variant c.703del (p.Ile235SerfsTer4) of the TAFAZZIN gene.elamipretideStudy recordCase report—12026-11-07
Elamipretide in the Management of Barth Syndrome: Current Evidence and a Case Report.elamipretideStudy recordCase report—12026-11-07
Expanded-access use of elamipretide in a patient with membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration.elamipretideStudy recordCase report—12026-11-07
ReCLAIM-2: A Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial Evaluating Elamipretide in Age-related Macular Degeneration, Geographic Atrophy Growth, Visual Function, and Ellipsoid Zone Preservation.elamipretideStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—1762026-11-07
Elamipretide Topical Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of Subjects with Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy: A Randomized Trial.elamipretideStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—122026-11-07
Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial.elamipretideStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—2182026-11-07
Use of Elamipretide in patients assigned treatment in the compassionate use program: Case series in pediatric patients with rare orphan diseases.elamipretideStudy recordCase series——2026-11-07
Identifying responders to elamipretide in Barth syndrome: Hierarchical clustering for time series data.elamipretideStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—122026-11-07
Natural history comparison study to assess the efficacy of elamipretide in patients with Barth syndrome.elamipretideStudy recordRetrospective cohort——2026-11-07
Randomized dose-escalation trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy.elamipretideStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—362026-11-07
A phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate the effectiveness of elamipretide in Barth syndrome, a genetic disorder of mitochondrial cardiolipin metabolism.elamipretideStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—122026-11-07
Phase 1 Clinical Trial of Elamipretide in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration and High-Risk Drusen: ReCLAIM High-Risk Drusen Study.elamipretideStudy recordSingle-arm trial—212026-11-07
Phase 1 Clinical Trial of Elamipretide in Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Noncentral Geographic Atrophy: ReCLAIM NCGA Study.elamipretideStudy recordSingle-arm trial—192026-11-07
Effects of Elamipretide on Left Ventricular Function in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: The PROGRESS-HF Phase 2 Trial.elamipretideStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—712026-11-07
A randomized crossover trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy.elamipretideStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—302026-11-07
EMBRACE STEMI study: a Phase 2a trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of intravenous MTP-131 on reperfusion injury in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.elamipretideStudy recordRandomized controlled trial——2026-11-07
Initial Psychometric Evaluation of the Barth Syndrome Symptom Assessment (BTHS-SA) for Adolescents and Adults in a Phase 2 Clinical Study.elamipretideStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—122026-11-07
The mitochondrial antioxidant SS-31 increases SIRT1 levels and ameliorates inflammation, oxidative stress and leukocyte-endothelium interactions in type 2 diabetes.elamipretideStudy recordOther design——2026-11-07
Novel Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide in Heart Failure Treatment: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Elamipretide.elamipretideStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—362026-11-07
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)elamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Mitral regurgitation severityelamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Ross heart failure classelamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Functional capacity / exercise toleranceelamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Nutritional statuselamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Health-related quality of lifeelamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Return to schoolelamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Heart transplant listing statuselamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Adverse events / tolerabilityelamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Symptoms and quality of lifeelamipretideRisk of biasCase seriesSerious concern22026-11-07
TolerabilityelamipretideRisk of biasCase seriesSerious concern22026-11-07
Left ventricular ejection fractionelamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Oxygen weaning and hospital dischargeelamipretideRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Six-minute walk test distance, overall trial populationelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns2182026-11-07
Six-minute walk test distance, prespecified nDNA and mtDNA subgroupselamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns2182026-11-07
Six-minute walk test change, mtDNA replisome post hoc cohortelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty2182026-11-07
Six-minute walk test change, replisome subjects with CPEOelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty2182026-11-07
Exposure-response: plasma elamipretide concentration vs 6MWT improvement, nDNA cohortelamipretideRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty2182026-11-07
Downregulation of circulating MOTS-c levels in patients with coronary endothelial dysfunction.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—402026-11-07
Plasma MOTS-c levels are associated with insulin sensitivity in lean but not in obese individuals.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
Adropin and MOTS-c as new peptides: Do levels change in neurodegenerative diseases and ischemic stroke?mots-cStudy recordCase-control study——2026-11-07
Lipids and insulin regulate mitochondrial-derived peptide (MOTS-c) in PCOS and healthy subjects.mots-cStudy recordOther design——2026-11-07
The Effect of Chronic Endurance Exercise on Serum Levels of MOTS-c and Humanin in Professional Athletes.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—1052026-11-07
Alterations in circulating mitochondrial signals at hospital admission for COPD exacerbation.mots-cStudy recordProspective cohort——2026-11-07
Reduced skeletal muscle expression of mitochondrial-derived peptides humanin and MOTS-C and Nrf2 in chronic kidney disease.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
Changes in MOTS-c Level in the Blood of Pregnant Women with Metabolic Disorders.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
A possible role for mitochondrial-derived peptides humanin and MOTS-c in patients with Q fever fatigue syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—402026-11-07
Acute endurance exercise stimulates circulating levels of mitochondrial-derived peptides in humans.mots-cStudy recordRandomized controlled trial——2026-11-07
Racial differences in circulating mitochondria-derived peptides may contribute to prostate cancer health disparities.mots-cStudy recordCase-control study—1982026-11-07
Prediction of Post-Acute-Sequelae of COVID-19 by Cargo Protein Biomarkers of Blood Total Extracellular Vesicles in Acute COVID-19.mots-cStudy recordOther design——2026-11-07
Circulating MOTS-c levels are decreased in obese male children and adolescents and associated with insulin resistance.mots-cStudy recordCase-control study——2026-11-07
The Relationship Between MOTS-c K14Q Polymorphism and Sarcopenia, Blood Lipids, and Mental Health in Older Korean Adults.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—6832026-11-07
Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides Are Down Regulated in Diabetes Subjects.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—2252026-11-07
SARS-CoV-2 and Mitochondrial Proteins in Neural-Derived Exosomes of COVID-19.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
Elamipretide in pediatric Barth syndrome: from heart failure to school return.elamipretideStudy recordCase report—12026-11-07
Expanded-Access Use of Elamipretide Improves Quality of Life in Patients With Rare Mitochondrial Disorders Characterized by Ophthalmic Symptoms: A Case Series.elamipretideStudy recordCase series—22026-11-07
Expanded-access use of elamipretide in a newborn with Barth syndrome: a case report.elamipretideStudy recordCase report—12026-11-07
Genotype-specific effects of elamipretide in patients with primary mitochondrial myopathy: a post hoc analysis of the MMPOWER-3 trial.elamipretideStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—2182026-11-07
Relationship between the mitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c and insulin resistance in obstructive sleep apnea.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—902026-11-07
Circulating PGC-1α and MOTS-c Peptide as Potential Mitochondrial Biomarkers in Patients Undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
Plasma mitochondrial derived peptides MOTS-c and SHLP2 positively associate with android and liver fat in people without diabetes.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
Effects of empagliflozin and dapagliflozin on serum humanin, MOTS-c levels, nitrosative stress, and ferroptosis parameters in diabetic patients with heart failure.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
The MOTS-c K14Q polymorphism in the mtDNA is associated with muscle fiber composition and muscular performance.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors, and Their Combination on Neurohumoral and Mitochondrial Activation in Patients With Diabetes.mots-cStudy recordProspective cohort—1632026-11-07
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with cognitive impairment in adults with OSA without dementia.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—2682026-11-07
Impact of Radiation Therapy on Serum Humanin and MOTS-c Levels in Patients with Lung or Breast Cancer.mots-cStudy recordProspective cohort——2026-11-07
MOTS-c Serum Concentration Positively Correlates with Lower-Body Muscle Strength and Is Not Related to Maximal Oxygen Uptake-A Preliminary Study.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
The relationship of circulating MOTS-c level with liver fibrosis and metabolic components in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—2342026-11-07
A pro-diabetogenic mtDNA polymorphism in the mitochondrial-derived peptide, MOTS-c.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—275272026-11-07
Evaluation of Coronary Flow Level with Mots-C in Patients with STEMI Undergoing Primary PCI.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
Serum MOTS-C Levels are Decreased in Obese Children and Associated with Vascular Endothelial Function.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
Circulating mitochondrial-derived microproteins at rest and in response to an acute bout of endurance exercise in individuals with cerebral palsy.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
Increased expression of the mitochondrial derived peptide, MOTS-c, in skeletal muscle of healthy aging men is associated with myofiber composition.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
Circulating levels of mitochondrial oxidative stress-related peptides MOTS-c and Romo1 in stable COPD: A cross-sectional study.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
Evaluation of Serum Humanin and MOTS-c Peptide Levels in Patients with COVID-19 and Healthy Subjects.mots-cStudy recordCase-control study——2026-11-07
Comparison of Serum Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) Levels in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy Controls.mots-cStudy recordCase-control study——2026-11-07
Serum MOTS-c levels remain unchanged in patients with preeclampsia.mots-cStudy recordCase-control study—902026-11-07
MOTS-c as a predictor of coronary lesions and complexity in patients with stable coronary artery disease.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
Hair fall on hair pull testghk-cuRisk of biasUncontrolled pilot studySerious concern10002026-11-07
Vellus hairs, terminal hairs and shaft diameterghk-cuRisk of biasUncontrolled pilot studySerious concern10002026-11-07
Patient-perceived benefitghk-cuRisk of biasUncontrolled pilot studySerious concern10002026-11-07
Total hair countghk-cuRisk of biasUncontrolled pilot studySerious concern10002026-11-07
Tolerabilityghk-cuRisk of biasUncontrolled pilot studySerious concern10002026-11-07
Intradermal injections of a hair growth factor formulation for enhancement of human hair regrowth - safety and efficacy evaluation in a first-in-man pilot clinical study.ghk-cuStudy recordUncontrolled pilot study—10002026-11-07
MOTS-c is associated with oxidative stress and arterial stiffness in peritoneal dialysis patients: a pilot study.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—322026-11-07
Expression Patterns of MOTS-c in Adrenal Tumors: Results from a Preliminary Study.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
Systemic MOTS-c levels are increased in adults with obesity in association with metabolic dysregulation and remain unchanged after weight loss.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
Elevated Serum Nardilysin Is Inversely Associated with Cardiovascular Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—1502026-11-07
The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c May Refine Mortality and Cardiovascular Risk Prediction in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: A Multicenter Cohort Study.mots-cStudy recordProspective cohort—942026-11-07
Serum Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) Dynamics as a Complementary Marker of Treatment Response in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: A Prospective Analysis.mots-cStudy recordProspective cohort—292026-11-07
Circulating Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S Ribosomal RNA Type-c Is Higher in Acute Coronary Syndrome and Is a Prognostic Biomarker for Major Cardiac Events in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Case-Control Study.mots-cStudy recordCase-control study—4002026-11-07
AGEs-RAGE Axis and Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: Interconnected Pathways Beyond Inflammation and Nutrition.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
Insights into the Biomarker Potential of Humanin and Mots-c Expression and Telomere Length in Alzheimer's Disease.mots-cStudy recordCase-control study——2026-11-07
Reduced serum levels of mitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—772026-11-07
Circulating levels of MOTS-c in patients with breast cancer treated with metformin.mots-cStudy recordRandomized controlled trial——2026-11-07
Diagnostic relevance of Humanin, GAS5 and miR-21/miR-103 in prostate disease risk stratification.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—3752026-11-07
Circulating mitochondrial biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome.mots-cStudy recordCase-control study—382026-11-07
MOTS-c Levels and Sarcopenia Risk in Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: A Pilot Study.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—322026-11-07
Could MOTS-c Levels in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Be an Indicator for Early Diabetic Kidney Disease?mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
MOTS-c as a Potential Diagnostic-prognostic Biomarker for Myocardial Infarction.mots-cStudy recordCase-control study——2026-11-07
Repeated Heat Stress Modulates the Levels of the Mitokines MOTS-C and FGF21 in Active Men during Calf Muscle Immobilization.mots-cStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—192026-11-07
Evaluation of vascular peroxidase 1, humanin, MOTS-c and miR-200c expression levels in untreated preeclampsia patients.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study——2026-11-07
Effect of aerobic and resistance exercise on the mitochondrial peptide MOTS-c in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White breast cancer survivors.mots-cStudy recordRandomized controlled trial—492026-11-07
Wrinklesghk-cuRisk of biasOther designSerious concern—2026-11-07
Pain during treatmentghk-cuRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Adverse effectsghk-cuRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Scar appearance (Manchester Scoring Scale)ghk-cuRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern—2026-11-07
Skin texture (smoothness, roughness, scaliness; Visioscan)ghk-cuRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern—2026-11-07
Adverse effects and in-use tolerabilityghk-cuRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern—2026-11-07
Adherent Scalp Flaking Score (ASFS)ghk-cuRisk of biasSingle-arm trialSerious concern—2026-11-07
Clinical pigmentation and erythemaghk-cuRisk of biasUncontrolled pilot studySerious concern—2026-11-07
Melanin indexghk-cuRisk of biasUncontrolled pilot studySerious concern—2026-11-07
Erythema indexghk-cuRisk of biasUncontrolled pilot studySerious concern—2026-11-07
Dermal type IV collagen and procollagenghk-cuRisk of biasUncontrolled pilot studySerious concern—2026-11-07
Skin barrier conditionghk-cuRisk of biasOther designSerious concern—2026-11-07
p63-positive cells along basement membraneghk-cuRisk of biasUncontrolled pilot studySerious concern—2026-11-07
Percentage area closure of plantar ulcersghk-cuRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns—2026-11-07
Proportion of patients healing 98% or betterghk-cuRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns—2026-11-07
Rate of ulcer closureghk-cuRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialSome concerns—2026-11-07
Percentage area closure in larger plantar ulcers (>100 mm2 at entry)ghk-cuRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty—2026-11-07
Incidence of ulcer infectionghk-cuRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty—2026-11-07
Blood biomarkers of heart, liver, kidney, thyroid function and blood glucosebpc-157Risk of biasUncontrolled pilot studySerious concern22026-11-07
Side effects / tolerabilitybpc-157Risk of biasUncontrolled pilot studySerious concern22026-11-07
Improvement in knee pain (patient-reported)bpc-157Risk of biasCase seriesSerious concern172026-11-07
Global Response Assessmentbpc-157Risk of biasUncontrolled pilot studySerious concern122026-11-07
Resolution of post-treatment erythemaghk-cuRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty—2026-11-07
Patient-rated symptom resolutionbpc-157Risk of biasUncontrolled pilot studySerious concern122026-11-07
Adverse events and dropoutsbpc-157Risk of biasUncontrolled pilot studySerious concern122026-11-07
Overall improvement in wrinklesghk-cuRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty—2026-11-07
Overall improvement in skin appearanceghk-cuRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty—2026-11-07
Patient-reported improvement in overall skin quality (questionnaire)ghk-cuRisk of biasRandomized controlled trialHigh certainty—2026-11-07
Periorbital wrinkles (crow's feet)ghk-cuRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Dermal collagen on histologyghk-cuRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Dermal matrix proteins (collagen IV, fibrillin-1, procollagen type 1, tropoelastin)ghk-cuRisk of biasCase reportSerious concern12026-11-07
Phase II trial of PL 14736 (BPC-157) enema in mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitisbpc-157Study recordRandomized controlled trial——2026-11-07
Phase 1 safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of PL 14736 (BPC-157) in healthy male volunteersbpc-157Study recordOther design——2026-11-07
Augmented Skin Beneficial Effects of Thermus Thermophilus and Bacillus Subtilis Mixed-Culture Ferment Extract by Tripeptide GHK-Cu.ghk-cuStudy recordOther design——2026-11-07
Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skin.ghk-cuStudy recordRandomized controlled trial——2026-11-07
Significant improvement in crow's feet after treatment with Jet-M and a mixed solution of copper-GHK, oligo-hyaluronic acid, rhodiolar extract, tranexamic acid, and β-glucan (GHR formulation).ghk-cuStudy recordCase report—12026-11-07
Efficacy and Safety Assessment of ThriveCo Scar Fader Gel With Scarcede™ in the Treatment of Skin Scars.ghk-cuStudy recordSingle-arm trial——2026-11-07
An Assessment of the Safety, Efficacy, and Tolerability of a Novel Scalp Treatment Regimen Combining a Hydroxy Acid-Based Scrub and Copper Tripeptide Serum in the Management of Seborrheic Dermatitis in Adults.ghk-cuStudy recordSingle-arm trial——2026-11-07
The effects of hydroporation on melasma with anti-aging cocktail.ghk-cuStudy recordUncontrolled pilot study——2026-11-07
Enhanced healing of ulcers in patients with diabetes by topical treatment with glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine copper.ghk-cuStudy recordRandomized controlled trial——2026-11-07
Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study.bpc-157Study recordUncontrolled pilot study—22026-11-07
Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain.bpc-157Study recordCase series—172026-11-07
Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study.bpc-157Study recordUncontrolled pilot study—122026-11-07
The Mitochondrial Antioxidant SS-31 Modulates Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Autophagy in Type 2 Diabetes.elamipretideStudy recordOther design——2026-11-07
Are serum MOTS-c levels and MOTS-c m.1382A>C polymorphism related to polycystic ovary syndrome?mots-cStudy recordCase-control study——2026-11-07
Reduced serum and skeletal muscle MOTS c levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.mots-cStudy recordCase-control study—802026-11-07
MOTS-C levels ın ındividuals with and without obesity and ıts association with ınflammation, insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—852026-11-07
Reduced Circulating MOTS-c Levels in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Reflect Integrated Autoimmune and Metabolic Dysregulation: A Cross-Sectional Study.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—1802026-11-07
The Association Between Serum MOTS-c Levels and Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Cross-Sectional Study.mots-cStudy recordCross-sectional study—722026-11-07

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These assessments describe published research. Records marked automated were produced by AI under the published methodology and have not been reviewed by a person; they can contain errors. None of this is medical advice, not a statement about any product’s safety for human use, and not a regulatory approval. Peptide Library’s vendor and partner relationships play no part in them (editorial independence).